ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Converging Transmission Routes of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Uruguay: Phylogeographic Insights into Its Spread Across South America.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cellular tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in human respiratory and bovine mammary epithelial cells.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Detection of H5N1-Related PB1 Sequences in a Low Pathogenic H11N2 Virus from South American Migratory Shorebirds.Viruses · 2026Article
- Article
- Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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13 authors.
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Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade virus has caused widespread outbreaks across South America, primarily affecting seabirds, poultry, and marine mammals. The virus likely reached the continent through migratory birds from North America, initially spreading along the Pacific coast before advancing into Atlantic-bordering countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. This study investigated the dynamics of H5N1 strains in Uruguay during outbreaks from February and October 2023. We analyzed an updated South American database, including a newly sequenced viral genome from a royal tern (
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