Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40871872›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

The Design and Validation of an Intensity-Modulated Multipoint Fiber-Optic Liquid-Level Sensor.

Abdul Ghaffar, Sanku Niu, Mujahid Mehdi, Sadam Hussain, Ahmed Muddassir Khan, Zamir Ahmed Abro, Muhammad Saleh Urf Kumail Haider, Zhanyou Chang, Xiaoyu Chen, Salamat Ali

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In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Abdul GhaffarKey Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8920-5034
Sanku NiuKey Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.ORCID 0000-0002-3563-3874
Mujahid MehdiFaculty of Design, Aror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-4564-303X
Sadam HussainKey Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1990-7676
Ahmed Muddassir KhanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indus University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan.
Zamir Ahmed AbroFaculty of Design, Aror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-4799-8747
Muhammad Saleh Urf Kumail HaiderSchool of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.ORCID 0009-0007-5561-7277
Zhanyou ChangDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indus University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan.
Xiaoyu ChenHangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China.
Salamat AliSchool of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1729-6859

Funding

Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China TGN23E050001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study introduces a cost-effective solution and sensor arrays for the multipoint liquid-level measuring sensor based on an intensity modulation technique. The sensor structure is based on the twisting of two fibers and creates cascading to achieve a multipoint detection. Three sensors are fabricated on a single illuminated polymer optical fiber. The twisting creates side-coupling between two fibers, and the coupled power is attenuated when liquid emerges in the coupled region. Each sensor has its own output source, which is connected to the power meter. When the liquid-level increases, the coupled power is continuously decreased. The multipoint liquid-level sensor is theoretical and experimentally tested. The experimental results show that sensors have a good response and linearity. The sensors are able to measure the liquid-level up to 12 cm and have a sensitivity of about 0.2726 μW/cm, 0.1715 μW/cm, and 0.1281 μW/cm, respectively. The different flow rate (50 mL/min-300 mL/min) is also analyzed to validate the dynamic response of the sensor. The sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity and resolution in the liquid-level detection. Meanwhile, the liquid-level variation is individually and simultaneously measured. The system does not require any decoupling technique as the system relies on a single LED source, and the coupled power is individually measured from each power meter. The system represents a significant advancement in precise liquid-level sensing technology, as the system has advantages of a flexible, durable, cost-effective, and active response with respect to changes in the liquid-level.

Indexed as

coupling methodintensity variation methodliquid-level measurementmultipoint sensor

Identifiers

PMID40871872
PMCPMC12389773

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.