ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Non-Destructive Permittivity and Moisture Analysis in Wooden Heritage Conservation Using Split Ring Resonators and Coaxial Probe.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Integrated Time- and Frequency-Domain Reflectometry for Non-Invasive Moisture Monitoring in Historic Masonry Materials.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study presents a wireless, non-invasive sensing system for monitoring the dielectric permittivity of materials, with a particular focus on applications in cultural heritage conservation. The system integrates a passive split-ring resonator tag, electromagnetically coupled to a compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna, operating in the reactive near-field region. Both numerical simulations and experimental measurements demonstrate that shifts in the antenna's reflection coefficient resonance frequency correlate with variations in the dielectric permittivity of the material under test. A calibration curve was established using reference materials-including low-density polyvinylchloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polycarbonate-and validated through precise permittivity measurements. The system was subsequently applied to wood samples (fir, poplar, beech, and oak) at different humidity levels, revealing a sigmoidal relationship between moisture content and permittivity. The behavior was also confirmed using a portable and low-cost setup, consisting of a point-like coaxial sensor that could be easily moved and positioned as needed, enabling localized measurements on specific areas of interest of the sample, together with a miniaturized Vector Network Analyzer. These results underscore the potential of this portable, contactless, and scalable sensing platform for real-world monitoring of cultural heritage materials, enabling minimally invasive assessment of their structural and historical integrity. Moreover, by enabling the estimation of moisture content through dielectric permittivity, the system provides an effective method for early detection of water-induced deterioration in wood-based heritage items. This capability is particularly valuable for preventive conservation, as excessive moisture-often indicated by permittivity values above critical thresholds-can trigger biological or structural degradation.
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Registered trials
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