ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2025
The Development and Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Food Printing Inks Using Composite Starch Gels Enriched with Various Proteins and Hydrocolloids.
Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Protein-Polysaccharide Gel Systems for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Delivery in Sustainable Food Packaging: A Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gel-Based 3D Food Printing for Dysphagia Management: Advances in Personalized Nutrition, Texture Control, and Clinical Translation.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effect of Biopolymer Additives on Functional Properties of Alginate-Based Composite Hydrogels.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- 3D printing of hydrogels: a synergistic approach of rheology and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling.RSC advances · 2025Article
- A Critical Review: Gel-Based Edible Inks for 3D Food Printing: Materials, Rheology-Geometry Mapping, and Control.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of starch-based gel formulations enriched with proteins and hydrocolloids for extrusion-based 3D food printing (3DFP). Food inks were prepared using corn or potato starch, protein concentrates (fava, whey, rice, pea and soya), and hydrocolloids (κ-carrageenan, arabic gum, xanthan gum, and carboxy methylcellulose). Their rheological, mechanical, and textural properties were systematically analyzed to assess printability. Among all formulations, those containing κ-carrageenan consistently demonstrated superior viscoelastic behavior (G' > 4000 Pa), optimal tan δ values (0.096-0.169), and yield stress conducive to stable extrusion. These inks also achieved high structural fidelity (93-96% accuracy) and favourable textural attributes such as increased hardness and chewiness. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations further validated the inks' performances by linking pressure and velocity profiles with rheological parameters. FTIR analysis revealed that gel strengthening was primarily driven by non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic effects. The integration of empirical measurements and simulation provided a robust framework for evaluating and optimizing printable food gels. These findings contribute to the advancement of personalized and functional 3D-printed foods through data-driven formulation design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.