Introducing Holographic Surgical Navigation in Pediatric Wilms' Tumor Patients: A Feasibility Study During Total Nephrectomy.

Wilms' tumor is a common pediatric renal malignancy. In selected cases, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) may be employed as part of the surgical approach. To prevent positive margins, optimal understanding of the tumor-kidney edge is essential. Augmented reality (AR) enables intraoperative visualization of patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) holograms. In this study, we aim to validate the clinical feasibility of a holographic landmark-based registration system in pediatric patients planned for a total nephrectomy (TN), to ensure that the holographic visualization will not influence surgical decision making. In a single-center prospective study, ten pediatric patients undergoing TN were included. Patient-specific 3D holograms were created from preoperative MRI, and intraoperatively landmark-based registration was performed using the HoloLens 2. Clinical feasibility was conducted using accuracy measurements, the System Usability Scale (SUS), and a self-developed questionnaire. Three out of ten patients had a successful registration with a median measured accuracy of 7.0 mm (Interquartile Range (IQR) 6-13.5) and a median SUS score of 75 (IQR 65-77.5). Surgeons reported improved depth perception and anatomical understanding. However, in seven out of ten patients, registration failed due to multiple reasons. The most important factors were large tumor volumes obstructing landmark placement and insufficient spatial distributions of the landmarks, causing rotational misalignment. Although AR showed potential in improving the depth perception and relation in anatomical structures, the landmark-based registration with the HoloLens 2 was currently deemed insufficient for clinical implementation in pediatric abdominal surgery.