ReviewNature protocols2025
Photoelectron spectroscopic operando studies of surface of nanoparticles in liquid or gas at bar pressure with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
Review in Nature protocols, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The surface chemistry of catalyst nanoparticles is crucial for understanding catalytic mechanisms of reactions significant for chemical transformation, energy conversion and environmental sustainability. To enable a high-vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) system to characterize nanoparticle surfaces in liquid or gas phase using a differentially pumped energy analyzer, major and substantial modifications to the high-vacuum XPS instrumentation are required. In this protocol we describe a membrane-separated cell-based XPS approach that allows characterization of the surface of catalyst nanoparticles dispersed in a flowing liquid or gas (at 2 bar) without any instrumental modification to a high-vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The cell features a double-layer graphene membrane that separates a catalyst and its reaction environment from the high-vacuum environment of the high-vacuum XPS system. The graphene membrane is assembled onto the pore of a modified Si
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