ArticleEuropean journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology2025
Etiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and macrolide resistance in children in beijing: a retrospective study from 2018 to 2024.
Article in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemic Pattern Changes in Influenza A and B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pediatric Respiratory Infections During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions in Northwest China.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and pathogen spectrum of mixed infections in children withMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Post-pandemic resurgence and collapse ofFrontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics, predictive factors, and therapeutic outcomes of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion in children: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- The value of serum CARDS toxin and NETs formation in children with MPP.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTIs), with recent increases in incidence and macrolide resistance. The epidemiology of MP, macrolide-resistant MP (MRMP), co-infection patterns, and their relationship with disease severity in the post-COVID era remain poorly understood. We analyzed temporal trends in MP infection and MRMP prevalence and assessed their association with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP).
methodsChildren aged < 18 years hospitalized with RTIs at Beijing Children's Hospital were retrospectively enrolled during 2018-2024. Respiratory samples were tested for MP and macrolide resistance mutations. Data on co-infecting bacterial and viral pathogens were collected in clinical practice and retrospectively included in this study. We analyzed temporal trends and risk factors for SCAP.
resultsAmong 8,453 children, MP-positive patients accounted for 39.7%, declining to 17.0% in 2021 and rising sharply to 62.8% in 2024. The highest MP-positivity rates were seen in children aged 5-9 years, although a notable increase occurred in children aged < 5 years in 2024. MRMP was detected in 96.9% of MP-positive cases, with resistance rates > 95% from 2022. After 2021, co-infections were detected in 19.9% of cases tested for bacterial and viral pathogens, most commonly involving human rhinovirus-MP, Haemophilus influenzae-MP, and Streptococcus pneumoniae-MP. Risk factors for SCAP included female sex, age > 5 years, cold season onset, pure MP infection, and MP co-infection. MRMP was not an independent predictor of SCAP.
conclusionsThe burden of MP infection has resurged post-COVID, with sustained high macrolide resistance and evolving co-infection patterns. Our findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and tailored management strategies for pediatric MP infections.
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