Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40863787›Full record

ArticleSports (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Unrecognized and Unreported Concussions Among Community Rugby Players.

Rachael Wittmer, Thomas A Buckley, Charles Buz Swanik, Katelyn M Costantini, Lisa Ryan, Ed Daly, Regan E King, Arryana J Daniels, Katherine J Hunzinger

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Rachael WittmerSidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Thomas A BuckleyDepartment of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0515-0150
Charles Buz SwanikDepartment of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
Katelyn M CostantiniGood Shepherd Penn Partners, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Lisa RyanDepartment of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-5505-7130
Ed DalyDepartment of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0001-6548-9634
Regan E KingSidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Arryana J DanielsSidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-5531-5714
Katherine J HunzingerDepartment of Exercise Science, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4599-8543

Funding

University of Delaware Unidel Distinguished Gradaute Scholars
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study examined the prevalence of intentionally unreported and potentially unrecognized concussions in community rugby players and whether nondisclosure reasons vary by sex, position, or playing history. An online survey was completed by 1037 players (41.0% female; mean age 31.6 ± 11.3 years; 10.1 ± 8.1 years playing) who reported diagnosed, unreported, and unrecognized concussions. Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios (PRs), and Fisher's exact tests compared reasons for nondisclosure. The diagnosed, unreported, and unrecognized concussion rates were 66.5%, 32.4%, and 42.2%, respectively. Players with diagnosed concussions had a 7.2-fold higher prevalence of nondisclosure and a 2.3-fold higher prevalence of nonrecognition. A longer playing history was linked to greater nondisclosure (PR: 1.2), and males had a higher prevalence of nonrecognition (PR: 1.4). Position and sex were not associated with nondisclosure; position and playing history did not affect recognition. While nondisclosure reasons were mostly consistent across demographics, players with a history of concussion were more likely to report avoiding removal from games or practices (38.5% vs. 13.6%,

Indexed as

collision sportsmild traumatic brain injurynondisclosurenonrecognitionsex differences

Identifiers

PMID40863787
PMCPMC12390137

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.