ODDM: Integration of SMOTE Tomek with Deep Learning on Imbalanced Color Fundus Images for Classification of Several Ocular Diseases.

Ocular disease (OD) represents a complex medical condition affecting humans. OD diagnosis is a challenging process in the current medical system, and blindness may occur if the disease is not detected at its initial phase. Recent studies showed significant outcomes in the identification of OD using deep learning (DL) models. Thus, this work aims to develop a multi-classification DL-based model for the classification of seven ODs, including normal (NOR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma (GLU), maculopathy (MAC), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), using color fundus images (CFIs). This work proposes a custom model named the ocular disease detection model (ODDM) based on a CNN. The proposed ODDM is trained and tested on a publicly available ocular disease dataset (ODD). Additionally, the SMOTE Tomek (SM-TOM) approach is also used to handle the imbalanced distribution of the OD images in the ODD. The performance of the ODDM is compared with seven baseline models, including DenseNet-201 (R