ArticleCureus2025
Prognostic Utility of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Interrelationships Between PD-L1, CTLA-4, IL-10 and IL-18 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) represent a significant oncological challenge, with diverse anatomical presentations and variable clinical outcomes. Immune checkpoints, particularly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response and may influence tumor progression and treatment response. Methods In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess the expression of CTLA-4 in paraffin-embedded HNSCC tissue samples and investigate its prognostic utility. Immunohistochemical analysis was planned to be performed on 50 patient samples to assess a significant association between CTLA-4 expression and tumor characteristics. Results Males exhibited a higher prevalence of CTLA-4 expression compared to females. The intensity of CTLA-4 staining correlated with the proportion of tumor distribution, with statistically significant differences observed between different intensity scores. Additionally, a significant relationship between CTLA-4 expression and tumor grade, particularly in moderately differentiated tumors (G2), was identified (p = 0.000). However, negative staining and membrane-cytoplasm staining lacked statistical significance. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CTLA-4 expression in HNSCC is associated with tumor progression to high-grade neoplasia and may serve as a marker of tumor biological behavior. Further research correlating CTLA-4 expression with other prognostic markers, such as p16, and its implications for immunotherapy in HNSCC are warranted.
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