Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40858968›Full record

ReviewAmerican journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions2026

Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of an Emerging Threat: Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Syndrome.

Theocharis Koufakis, Demetrios Vlahakos, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Emmanouil Kallistratos, Kalliopi Kotsa, Evangelos N Liberopoulos, Ioannis Stefanidis, Erifili Hatziagelaki

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Observational
  6. Hypertension in Diabetes: Numbers or Outcomes?American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Theocharis KoufakisSecond Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49 str., 54642, Thessaloniki, Greece. thkoyfak@auth.gr.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-1352
Demetrios VlahakosMedical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Charalambos VlachopoulosFirst Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hippokration University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Emmanouil KallistratosCardiology Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
Kalliopi KotsaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Evangelos N LiberopoulosFirst Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Ioannis StefanidisDepartment of Nephrology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
Erifili HatziagelakiMedical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) syndrome is an emerging nosological entity that reflects the interaction between metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders. In recent years, it has attracted particular interest, as it appears to be associated with a growing incidence of cardiovascular events, progression of kidney disease, and mortality. The fact that the syndrome has a complex pathophysiology, multiple risk factors, and deleterious effects on different organs and systems necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to its management. Pharmacological agents with positive effects on different components of CRM syndrome, such as sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have recently been added to our pharmacological arsenal. However, these treatments are underprescribed and used at disproportionately low rates given the significant benefits they offer and the strong level of evidence supporting them, highlighting the need for greater vigilance among physicians regarding the recognition and treatment of the syndrome. This article provides recent data on the definition, pathophysiology, staging, and diagnosis of CRM syndrome and the holistic management of affected patients.

Indexed as

Cardio-Renal SyndromeMetabolic SyndromeCardiovascular DiseasesHumansRisk FactorsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.