ArticleScientific reports2025
Seasonal use of American beaver lodge areas by gray wolves in Isle Royale National Park.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Biotic and abiotic factors influence species habitat selection across space and time. Predator habitat selection is often studied in relation to their primary prey, however, how predators shift their space use in response to secondary prey and the corresponding ecological consequences have received less attention. We used four years (2018, 2020, 2021, 2022) of wolf (Canis lupus) GPS data to examine how wolf habitat selection relates to active American beaver (Castor canadensis) lodge locations. We hypothesized that wolf selection of beaver lodges would reflect seasonal beaver behavior, intensifying through the ice-free season as beaver vulnerability increases as they spend more time away from their lodges and the vulnerability and availability of moose (Alces alces) decreases. Using a generalized linear mixed model and a mixed generalized additive model in a Bayesian framework, we analyzed how wolf habitat selection changed, especially near active beaver lodges. We used 834 unique active beaver lodges in our analysis, 395 [0.74 lodges /km
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