Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40857453›Full record

ArticleMarine Mammal Science2025

Saxitoxin linked to deaths of northern fur seals in the Southeast Bering Sea.

Kathi A Lefebvre, Chelsea M Campbell, Lauren M Divine, Paul Melovidov, Hanna Hellen, Kathy Burek Huntington, Emily K Bowers, Natalie Rouse, Evangeline Fachon, Thomas J Farrugia and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Marine Mammal Science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Kathi A LefebvreEnvironmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA.
Chelsea M CampbellEcosystem Conservation Office, Aleut Community of St. Paul, AK, USA.
Lauren M DivineEcosystem Conservation Office, Aleut Community of St. Paul, AK, USA.
Paul MelovidovEcosystem Conservation Office, Aleut Community of St. Paul, AK, USA.
Hanna HellenEcosystem Conservation Office, Aleut Community of St. Paul, AK, USA.
Kathy Burek HuntingtonAlaska Veterinary and Pathology Services, Eagle River, AK, USA.
Emily K BowersEnvironmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA.
Natalie RouseAlaska Veterinary and Pathology Services, Eagle River, AK, USA.
Evangeline FachonWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Thomas J FarrugiaAlaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA.
Robert S PickartWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Peigen LinSchool of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Lorely LagoWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Frank BahrWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Emmanuelle FurstAlaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, USA.
Colleen G DuncanCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Patrick CharapataGeorgia Aquarium, Center for Species Survival, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Donald M AndersonWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Gulce KurtayUniversity of Washington, Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, Seattle, WA, USA.

Funding

Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthP01ES028938 · NIEHS · WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION · PI DENNIS J MCGILLICUDDY · 2018 to 2026
$5.7M
Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthP50ES012742 · NIEHS · WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION · PI STEGEMAN, JOHN J · 2004 to 2009
$2.8M
NIEHS NIH HHS P01 ES028938NIEHS NIH HHS P50 ES012742
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In August 2024, a northern fur seal mortality event was observed on St. Paul Island, AK in the southeast (SE) Bering Sea. Ten seals in good body condition were found dead along with large accumulations of dead fish on Benson Beach located on St. Paul Island. Full necropsies of the five available adult seals, one pup and several fish did not reveal any overt causes of death. Testing of tissues for the algal neurotoxins domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX) confirmed the presence of STX in multiple tissues and physiological exposure in all five adult NFS and the two fish available for testing. DA was not detected in any samples. Complimentary samples of the SE Bering Sea ecosystem during the same time frame and location as the die off revealed bloom densities of

Indexed as

Algal toxinsamnesic shellfish poisoningfood webharmful algal bloomsmarine mammal mortality eventparalytic shellfish poisoningtoxicitytrophic transfer

Identifiers

PMID40857453
PMCPMC12377472

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.