ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2025
Trends and Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Birth Defects Among U.S. Women of Reproductive Age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to March 2020.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between Red Blood Cell Folate Forms and Demographic, Physiologic, and Lifestyle Factors in the United States Population: Cross-Sectional Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey August 2021-August 2023.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- The Prevalence of Nutritional Imbalances in the US Population Over Time: Biomarker Data from the Cross-Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000 through August 2021-August 2023).Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Multivitamin/Folic Acid Intake, Diabetes, and Other Risk Factors for Birth Defects Among Women in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2017-2022.Birth defects research · 2026Article
- Prepregnancy Lifestyle Risk Factors in Women Seeking Digital Fertility Services: Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Association of maternal multiple serum metal/metalloid concentrations and metabolic gene polymorphisms with offspring skeletal defects: a multicenter case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Prediabetes, diabetes, and folate status among United States women of reproductive age: NHANES 2011-March 2020.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
introductionCongenital heart defects, orofacial clefts, and neural tube defects share similar modifiable risk factors. The prevalence and trends of risk factors for these selected birth defects were assessed among nonpregnant, nonlactating women of reproductive age (aged 12-49 years) in the U.S.
methodsCross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-March 2020 were analyzed in fall 2024. Demographics, BMI, household food security, folic acid supplement use, usual intake of dietary folate and vitamin B12, concentrations for serum and red blood cell folate, serum vitamin B12, serum cotinine (smoking exposure), and diabetes status were reported. Weighted percentages of prevalence of risk factors with 95% CIs were calculated using the survey package in R to account for clustered sampling.
resultsAmong 5,374 women of reproductive age, approximately 66.4% (95% CI=64.3, 68.4) had at least 1 known modifiable risk factor: 6.7% (95% CI=5.7, 7.6) reported very low food security, 33.8% (95% CI=32.2, 35.4) had obesity, 4.8% (95% CI=4.0, 5.5) had diabetes, 18.8% (95% CI=17.2, 20.4) had smoking exposure, and 19.5% (95% CI=17.8, 21.1) had red blood cell folate concentrations below the threshold (748 nmol/L) for optimal neural tube defect prevention. Over the time studied, the percentage of women of reproductive age with at least 1 risk factor rose from 65.3% (95% CI=62.1, 68.4) to 69.5% (95% CI=65.4, 73.9; p=0.08).
conclusionsApproximately 2 of 3 women of reproductive age in the U.S. have pre-existing modifiable risk factors for birth defects. Implementation of preconception health care could help reduce the prevalence of known risk factors and improve birth outcomes.
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