ArticleJournal of foot and ankle research2025
Muscle Synergies of the Lower Extremities During Gait Initiation in Individuals With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability.
Article in Journal of foot and ankle research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Muscle synergy asymmetry between the affected and unaffected limbs during the stance phase in unilateral flatfoot.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Muscle Synergies of the Lower Extremities During Gait Initiation in Individuals With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundChronic ankle instability (CAI) disrupts postural stability after ankle sprains and inadequate treatment. Gait initiation (GI), governed by central nervous system (CNS) patterns, is used to evaluate stability. Muscle synergy, which reflects coordinated activations, reveals neuromuscular control. This study investigates lower limb muscle synergies during GI in individuals with and without CAI to understand their neuromuscular strategies.
designCross-sectional study.
settingLaboratory.
methodThis study involved 20 participants, 10 healthy men and 10 patients with CAI. Six electrodes were applied per the SENIAM guidelines, and markers were set according to the cluster model. The participants initiated gait after an auditory cue was presented on a force plate. OpenSim simulated a musculoskeletal model using kinematic and muscle activity data. Muscle synergies were analyzed via HALS in MATLAB. Statistical tests, including Wilcoxon and one-way ANOVA, were conducted in SPSS with p < 0.05 as the significance threshold.
resultsThe number of muscle synergies was not significantly different between the healthy and CAI groups (p > 0.05). However, muscle weight differed significantly between synergies 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). In synergy 1, the TA had greater weighting in the CAI group, whereas synergy 2 had higher RF and GM_L weightings in the CAI group. Synergy 3 revealed greater PL weight in the control group (p < 0.05).
conclusionIn CAI, PL muscle weakness is offset by the TA, RF, and GM_L muscles resulting in altered ankle strategies during gait instability. This compensation disrupts motor chains, increases movement complexity, and involves the CNS, framing CAI as a global movement issue rather than a localized problem.
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