ArticleBMC public health2025
Association between perceived exposure to secondhand smoke and depression independent of biomarker-measured exposure.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPerceived exposure to secondhand smoke has previously not been distinguished from actual exposure dose when considering the association with depression. This cross-sectional study evaluated whether perceived exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with depression after adjusting for biomarker-based exposure.
methodsAdult non-smokers and ex-smokers (N = 16,926) were sampled from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2014 to 2020 biennially. Perceived exposure was defined by self-reported indoor secondhand smoke exposure in workplaces, households, or public locations in the past 7 days. Urine cotinine was used as the biomarker-measured exposure to secondhand smoke. Depression was defined as scoring 10 or above on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic regression evaluated the association between perceived exposure and depression while adjusting for biomarker-based exposure, demographics, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities.
resultsPerceived exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31–1.95). Perceived exposure in occupational (aOR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.17–2.25), household (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.14–2.13), and public (aOR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.28–1.93) settings showed similar strengths of association with depression. Perceived exposure in one location (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.20–1.85) to three locations (aOR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.55–6.07) showed dose–response associations with depression.
conclusionsPerceived exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with depression independent of actual biological exposure. Creating comprehensive smokefree environments should be prioritized to protect the general population from depression, with additional measures to reduce sensory cues of secondhand smoke where complete bans are not yet feasible.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.