ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Lines of Time: The Evolution of Glabellar Wrinkles over a Century.
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe study investigates the evolution of glabellar wrinkle patterns over the past century, examining their role as indicators of biological ageing, environmental exposure, and societal shifts. Beyond aesthetic concerns, these wrinkles reflect changes in human behaviour, technological advancements, and environmental conditions.
methodsA dataset of 12,400 facial images from 1900 to 2024, featuring individuals aged 25-65, was analysed. Images were enhanced using Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network to preserve wrinkle details. Convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory models identified temporal trends, while finite element analysis simulated the biomechanical factors influencing wrinkle formation, including skin elasticity and muscle dynamics.
resultsThe "11" wrinkle pattern increased from 33% in 1900 to 55% in 2024, linked to stress and prolonged screen exposure. Conversely, the "Omega" pattern declined from 56 to 28%, reflecting improved skincare and cosmetic interventions. Wrinkle depth decreased globally, influenced by reduced UV exposure and widespread use of aesthetic treatments. Biomechanical simulations highlighted the role of muscle interdigitation and skin elasticity in shaping wrinkle morphology.
conclusionGlabellar wrinkles are dynamic markers of human experience, reflecting the interplay of biology, environment, and culture. The interdisciplinary study, combining AI and dermatological insights, provides a comprehensive understanding of wrinkle evolution. The findings have significant implications for personalised aesthetic treatments, preventative skincare strategies, and public health policies addressing the impacts of modern lifestyles on skin ageing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.