ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2026
Association between building density and screening myopia in children and adolescents: a 5-year longitudinal study from China.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Spatial altitude factors on the association with myopia: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
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13 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study explored the relationship between school-level built environment factors (building density and height) and myopia prevalence.
methodsIn all 16 districts of Shanghai, students from public schools and kindergartens underwent visual acuity testing and non-cycloplegic refraction between 2019 and 2023. Building density and height within 500-metre and 1,000-metre buffers around the schools were obtained using GIS (Geographic Information System)-based spatial and network analyses from the Tianditu database. Demographic and behavioural covariates, such as age, gender, outdoor activity time and near-work time, were collected through questionnaires. Logistic mixed-effect models were used to analyse the association between the building environment and myopia, adjusting for relevant demographic and behavioural factors.
resultsData from 8 647 375 participants were analysed, with 1 116 851 followed consistently. The myopia rate among students was significantly higher during 2020-2021 compared with 2019, 2022 and 2023 (p<0.05). Myopia was more prevalent in students aged 6 to 12, with a higher average age for myopic individuals (8.13 vs 6.64 years). The average building density was higher at schools of myopic students (15.70%) versus non-myopic students (14.90%) (p<0.001). Building density near schools was negatively correlated with spherical equivalent (p<0.05), while no significant association was found with building height. The risk of myopia increased with higher building density (OR: 1.143-1.202, p<0.05), particularly in boys over 12 years old. A stronger association was observed in inner suburban areas (p<0.001).
conclusionsProlonged exposure to high building density may accelerate myopia progression. Urban planning should consider vision health, with regulations on building density near schools to reduce myopia risk.
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