ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles: the next breakthrough in postbiotics for rheumatoid arthritis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Probiotic extracellular vesicles reprogram macrophage immunometabolism: From gut crosstalk to host health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Probiotics and Extracellular Vesicles as Redox Modulators in Wound Healing: From Microbial Therapeutics to Engineered Nanotherapeutic Strategies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Probiotics in Autoimmune Disease: Strain-specific Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Restoring Microbial Signaling: A Metabolite-Immune-Redox Framework for Postbiotic Host-Directed Interventions.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Postbiotics as Emerging Therapeutics for Allergic Diseases: A Novel Approach Beyond Live Biologics.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the gut-liver immune axis: probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles as precision nanotherapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Review
- Microbiota-Mediated Crosstalk Between the Gut and the Vascular System: Protective Effects of Novel Postbiotic Formulations on Human Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Engineered bacterial extracellular vesicles as next-generation precision postbiotics: strategies, challenges and prospects.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicle-mediated immunomodulation and targeted delivery: breakthroughs and challenges in rheumatoid arthritis therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Postbiotics and phage synergy in precision oral microbiome engineering: systems biology strategies targetingFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Nano-Immunotherapeutic Platforms in IBD: A Clinician's Perspective.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The role of extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication within the oral cavity.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
- Er Miao San Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Diseases.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Immunocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in osteoimmunology: mechanisms, disease contexts, and translational prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- My cells, my model: immune-competent autologous organ-on-chip systems as a new paradigm in precision medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation and joint damage. Emerging evidence highlights the role of gut and oral microbiota in RA pathogenesis, with microbial dysbiosis potentially exacerbating inflammation and immune dysregulation. Although probiotics have shown potential in modulating the oral and gut microbiota and improving RA symptoms, a promising cell-free substitute is provided by postbiotics, including probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). These bioactive nanoparticles transport functional metabolites capable of modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation, and restoring gut barrier integrity. Probiotic-derived EVs are, for instance, able to promote M2 macrophage polarization and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus highlighting their therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, challenges remain in standardizing EVs production, optimizing administration routes, and ensuring clinical safety. The targeting and effectiveness of probiotic EVs may be improved by developments in omics sciences and biotechnology techniques, making them the next breakthrough in postbiotics for the treatment of RA. This review examines how probiotic-derived EVs interact with the host, focusing on their crosstalk with immune cells and subsequent immune modulation. We highlight their potential for RA treatment, discuss clinical challenges, and explore their use in personalized medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.