ArticleFrontiers in medicine2025
Trends in carbapenem antibiotics utilization, costs, and market dynamics in Medicaid: a retrospective analysis from 1991 to 2023.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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2 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Carbapenems are vital antibiotics used to treat severe infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Understanding their utilization, reimbursement, and pricing trends is critical to inform healthcare policies and ensure sustainable access. This study aimed to analyze longitudinal trends in carbapenem use, market dynamics, and economic impact within Medicaid from 1991 to 2023. Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal analysis was conducted using publicly available Medicaid State Drug Utilization data. Four carbapenems; imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem were examined. Data on prescriptions, reimbursements, and proxy pricing were extracted, aggregated, and analyzed. Trends and market shares were evaluated annually, with statistical analyses and visualizations performed using Excel and Power BI. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify shifts in the direction of these trends, providing insights into significant changes over time. Results: Carbapenem utilization and reimbursement exhibited significant growth, particularly between 2015 and 2020, driven by increased reliance on these agents for severe infections. Imipenem/cilastatin prescriptions peaked in 2005 at 22,883 prescriptions, with an Annual Percent Change (APC) of 12.28% (95% CI: 11.33 to 14.03%, Conclusion: This study underscores dynamic shifts in carbapenem utilization, highlighting the impact of clinical practices, stewardship initiatives, and policy changes on prescribing trends. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic use is essential to balance effective infection management with the containment of antimicrobial resistance and healthcare costs. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of stewardship programs and the introduction of novel therapeutic options on carbapenem utilization.
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