Catching up with drought: law and policy responses in the Netherlands.

In recent years, it has become evident that regions with historically wetter climates, such as the Netherlands, are rapidly becoming more prone to drought due to climate change. Given that these regions tend to be accustomed to having sufficient, or even surplus, water, these new climate realities confront policy makers with the need to identify governance approaches to adapt water and land use systems to prevent significant damages to agriculture, water-dependent nature, and drinking water reserves. This research details the complex, evolving landscape of the policies, laws, and instruments in a specific region with a historically wetter climate, namely the Twente region in the Netherlands. Rapid Policy Network Mapping is employed to map the intricate multi-level implementation setting currently in place in the region. Results show that the emphasis in drought governance across European Union and national and regional governance layers is currently still on formulating objectives and developing strategies to adapt to drought. Moreover, the instruments that are currently in place are largely voluntary in nature, which raises concerns about the degree to which the current instrument mix can steer drought adaptation if their uptake is low. More worryingly, this study also identifies several policies, laws, and instruments that could hinder the implementation of drought adaptation measures, due to exemptions in legislation, conflicting policy approaches across governance layers, and concerns over the (behavioral) effects of certain instruments. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-025-02449-y.