Transformer-based arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI denoising.

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI is the only non-invasive technique for quantifying regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) visualization, which is an important physiological variable. ASL MRI has a relatively low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), making it challenging to achieve high quality CBF images using limited data. Promising ASL CBF denoising results have been shown in recent convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods. A common problem of these methods is the loss of output image texture and image intensity variabilities. To address this problem, we proposed a Hybrid U-Net and Swin Transformer (HUST) ASL CBF denoising method. Transformers explicitly encode spatial positions of input data and can learn features with long-range dependency. These features can substantially mitigate the image blurring issue and preserve individual data variability. We used the U-Net as the network backbone due to its demonstrated capability for capturing local and global features and replaced the original CNNs layers with transformers. Swin Transformer was used to reduce the number of parameters required by a regular transformer for image denoising. Reduction in parameters is achieved by hierarchical structure along with shifting window-based attention mechanism. The proposed method is trained and tested with 2D and 3D ASL CBF images, HUST substantially improved CBF image visualization and preserved image textures. The 2D data were acquired from 277 normal healthy subjects aged 23 to 47, 110 males, and 167 females were included. The 3D data (110 subjects) were pooled from a local database and were acquired using our background suppressed 3D stack of spirals fast spin echo pseudo-continuous ASL sequence