ArticleBMJ open2025
Quantifying cost and health-related quality of life outcomes in different multimorbidity trajectories: a systematic review protocol.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Patient Journey Maps to Improve Treatment Adherence in Chronic Comorbidities: A Narrative Review.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMultimorbidity-the presence of multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs)-is a major global public health issue. Most current healthcare systems are not designed for populations with high multimorbidity prevalence. Little work to date has explored the economic burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) impacts of MLTCs over time. Health economic evaluations and longitudinal MLTC studies have been highlighted as key multimorbidity research priorities. Understanding incremental healthcare resource use (HCRU), cost and HRQoL impacts as individuals progress along different multimorbidity trajectories is critical to inform the development of future health systems which are both person-centred and adequately resourced for people with MLTCs. This systematic review will synthesise the available evidence on HCRU, costs and HRQoL impacts of different multimorbidity trajectories. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement. A multi-stranded systematic search strategy will be developed to identify studies of multimorbidity trajectories exploring HCRU and costs (direct and indirect) and/or HRQoL over time. Four databases (Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science) will be searched; limited to peer-reviewed original, English language, longitudinal, quantitative, adult human studies published on/after 2010. A standard data extraction instrument will be applied to included studies following full-text screening by two reviewers. Studies will be quality-assessed using a tool adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme cohort studies checklist. Data synthesis will use a Synthesis Without Meta-analysis approach. Outcome measures will include HCRU, healthcare costs and HRQoL changes associated with different multimorbidity trajectories. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Specific ethics approval has not been sought for this review as it does not directly involve human subjects nor the use of individual-level patient data, and therefore, ethics approval is not required. The review findings will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journal, conference presentations, social media and public engagement events. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024537258.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.