ArticlePlant biotechnology journal2026
Safety and Efficacy of Plant-Produced Trivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate Against Bluetongue Disease.
Article in Plant biotechnology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Bluetongue in the Mediterranean Basin: An Overview of Recent Hotspots and Advances in Vaccine Technologies.Microorganisms · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Effective control of BT disease relies on vaccination against prevalent or seasonal serotypes using live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Limitations of these vaccines offer opportunities for improvement. Transient protein production in plants has evolved as a platform that offers a unique ability to express multiple antigens and complex protein assemblies. In this study, a trivalent virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate against BT was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Chimeric VLPs comprised of outer capsid proteins (VP2/VP5) from BTV3 and BTV4 were designed with BTV8 inner core proteins (VP3/VP7). The proteins were successfully expressed, and assembly of chimeric and homologous BTV8 VLPs was achieved. Antigens were formulated with stabilised nano alum-based adjuvant, and safety and efficacy were evaluated in merino sheep. Two groups of animals were vaccinated with a plant-produced or live attenuated vaccine, formulated with similar BTV serotypes. The third group of animals received a placebo. Both vaccines were safe and did not induce temperature reactions or BTV clinical signs in sheep. Vaccines further protected animals against challenge with serotypes 3, 4 and 8. Animals that received a placebo vaccination demonstrated typical BTV clinical signs following challenge with virulent viruses. The results demonstrated that the plant-made chimeric VLP vaccine candidate was safe and efficacious in sheep, and can be used for prophylactic immunisation against BT disease. This is a first report demonstrating the safety and efficacy of a plant-produced trivalent VLP candidate vaccine in target animals.
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Registered trials
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