ArticleNature communications2025
Anti-restriction functions of injected phage proteins revealed by peeling back layers of bacterial immunity.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- When phage restriction is not immunity: Immune gates, replication-niche barriers, and assay-limited phenotypes.Engineering microbiology · 2026Article
- A pair of DNA glucosyltransferases elevate counter-defense in bacteriophage T4.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Antiphage defence systems Druantia III and Zorya II synergise via shared DNA intermediates in a phage-specific manner.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cross-order detection of bacteriophage transduction in microbial communities using RNA barcoding.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Optimizing phage therapy with antidefense proteins acquired from the environment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Ecological determinants of altruism in prokaryote antivirus defense.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Versatile NTP recognition and domain fusions expand the functional repertoire of the ParB-CTPase fold beyond chromosome segregation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The complex developmental mechanisms of nucleus-forming jumbo phages.Current opinion in microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Virus-host competition drives evolution of diverse antivirus defenses, but how they co-operate in wild bacteria and how bacteriophages circumvent host immunity remains poorly understood. Here, using a functional screening platform to systematically explore the functions of phage accessory genes, we describe how cell-surface barriers can obscure the phenotypes of intracellular defenses in E. coli isolates. LPS modification emerged as a major theme, with the discovery of several small phage proteins that modify specific O-antigen structures, removing barriers to phage adsorption. Bypassing O-antigen in wild E. coli strains revealed another layer of defense: Type IV restriction endonucleases (RE) that target modified DNA of T-even phages (T2, T4, T6). We further show how injected proteins Ip2 and Ip3 of T4 inhibit distinct subtypes of these Type IV REs. Extensive variability in Type IV REs likely drives the emergence of subtype-specific inhibitors through multiple rounds of adaptation and counter-adaptation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.