Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40846706›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Autonomous multi-robot synthesis and optimization of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals.

Jinge Xu, Christopher H J Moran, Arup Ghorai, Fazel Bateni, Jeffrey A Bennett, Nikolai Mukhin, Koray Latif, Andrew Cahn, Pragyan Jha, Fernando Delgado Licona and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Stabilized Multicolor CsPbBrACS applied optical materials · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jinge XuDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Christopher H J MoranDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5775-7572
Arup GhoraiDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Fazel BateniDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-7196
Jeffrey A BennettDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Nikolai MukhinDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Koray LatifDepartment of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Andrew CahnDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Pragyan JhaDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5430-8420
Fernando Delgado LiconaDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-3353
Sina SadeghiDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Lior PolitiDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Milad AbolhasaniDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. abolhasani@ncsu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-3085

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) 1940959National Science Foundation (NSF) 2208406
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanocrystals (NCs) offer extraordinary tunability in their optical properties, yet fully exploiting this potential is challenged by a vast and complex synthesis parameter space. Herein, we introduce Rainbow, a multi-robot self-driving laboratory that integrates automated NC synthesis, real-time characterization, and machine learning (ML)-driven decision-making to efficiently navigate MHP NCs' mixed-variable high-dimensional landscape. Using parallelized, miniaturized batch reactors, robotic sample handling, and continuous spectroscopic feedback, Rainbow autonomously optimizes MHP NC optical performance-including photoluminescence quantum yield and emission linewidth at a targeted emission energy-through closed-loop experimentation. By systematically exploring varying ligand structures and precursor conditions, Rainbow elucidates critical structure-property relationships and identifies scalable Pareto-optimal formulations for targeted spectral outputs. Rainbow provides a versatile blueprint for accelerated, data-driven discovery and retrosynthesis of high-performance metal halide perovskite nanocrystals, facilitating the on-demand realization of next-generation photonic materials and technologies.

Identifiers

PMID40846706
PMCPMC12373857

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.