ArticlePloS one2025
The association between cadmium exposure and lung cancer risk: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The 2024 Lebanon conflict: a multidimensional assessment of syndemic impacts on public health and sustainable development goals.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Association between blood cadmium and the likelihood of developing human papillomavirus infection: A combination of NHANES and clinical study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Epidemiological studies suggested a potential link between cadmium exposure and lung cancer risk, but evidence has remained inconsistent, particularly regarding differences between occupational and general populations. This protocol will outline a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the association between cadmium exposure (via blood, urine, hair, or environmental samples) and lung cancer risk.
methodsThis study protocol will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane databases will identify observational studies published from inception to December 2024. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, extract data, and assess the quality of included using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We will harmonize data to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random-effects model is anticipated for high-heterogeneous results, while fixed-effects model will be adopted for low- heterogeneous results. Sub-group analyses (e.g., population type (general/occupational), geographic region, year of publication), sensitivity analyses, and assessments of publication bias (Egger's test, funnel plots) will be conducted to ensure the robustness and reliability of the findings. The analyses will be conducted via RevMan 5.3 and STATA 15 software. DISCUSSION: This protocol will guide the standard process of the systematic review, providing synthesized evidence on the short-, and long-term effect of cadmium on lung risk in general and occupational populations.
conclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis will provide synthesized evidence regarding cadmium exposure with lung cancer risk in both occupational and general populations. The evidence obtained in this study can inform the public and the policy-making bodies. REGISTER ON PROSPERO: CRD42024527248.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.