ArticleJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2025
Screening tool for the identification of relative energy deficiency in Sport risk: validation of the low energy availability in female questionnaire - Italian version (LEAFQ-ITA).
Article in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
backgroundRelative Energy Deficiency in Sports (REDs) is defined as a multifactorial syndrome of impaired physiological and/or psychological functioning was previously named as the Female Athlete Triad. REDs was proposed to be an expansion of the Female Athlete Triad model (
methodsThe validation process was carried out in multiple stages: (i) translation and cultural adaptation of the content from the original questionnaire (LEAF-Q) into the Italian culture; (ii) expert validation of the content using the Delphi technique; (iii) reliability test-retest in a sample of Italian physical active women; and (iv) internal consistency checking using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis. A consensus rate of more than 90% for every item was considered sufficient agreement. The test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals based on a mean-rating, absolute agreement, 2-way mixed-effects model. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses were performed with the Factor software. The analysis was implemented using a matrix dispersion through Pearson correlations and the Robust Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (RDWLS) extraction method. The Parallel Analysis technique suggested the number of factors to be retained. McDonald's Omega and Cronbach's alpha were performed to test internal consistency.
resultsAfter two rounds, the LEAFQ-ITA maintained the same amount of items and gained the consensus of content validation specialists. From the sample of 215 questionnaires answered, a sub-sample of 105 participants answered the LEAFQ-ITA twice (mean age: 26.1 ± 4.7 years old; mean body mass index: 21.3 ± 2.6 kg/m
conclusionsThe LEAFQ-ITA is a valid instrument for identifying Italian physically active women with physiological symptoms possibly related to LEA or REDs. Future research should focus on validating this instrument in other countries and languages.
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