Do Snow-Adapted Prey Facilitate Coexistence of the Sierra Nevada Red Fox With Sympatric Carnivores?

Specialist species in alpine ecosystems may be increasingly threatened by climate-driven habitat loss and encroachment by generalist competitors. Ecological theory predicts that niche differentiation through dietary specialisation can facilitate coexistence with generalist competitors. We quantified dietary overlap between a high-elevation specialist, the Sierra Nevada red fox (SNRF; Vulpes vulpes necator) and a widespread generalist, the coyote (Canis latrans), as well as other sympatric carnivores. We were especially interested in dietary items that were themselves specialised to alpine habitats, as we expected them to be most critical to SNRF. To characterise diet, we used DNA metabarcoding for vertebrate and plant-based food items of 789 carnivore scats collected from the sites of two SNRF populations (Lassen, Sierra Nevada). As expected for potential competitors, SNRFs exhibited substantial dietary overlap with coyotes overall. Dietary niche overlap was lower between SNRF and both bobcats (Lynx rufus) and martens (Martes caurina). Compared to coyotes, however, SNRF more frequently consumed snow-adapted prey, including white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) and American pika (Ochotona princeps) (SIMPER p ≤ 0.005), especially during periods of deep snow. Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis; presumably seeds) also appeared more regularly in SNRF winter diets compared to coyotes. These findings support the hypothesis that co-adapted subalpine prey facilitate coexistence between specialist and generalist carnivores by increasing the competitive advantage of specialists under snowier conditions. This environment-mediated shift in competitive dynamics implies that the fates of locally adapted predator and prey may be tightly linked, an important consideration for conservation planning in alpine ecosystems.