ReviewMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Artificial Intelligence and Extended Reality in the Training of Vascular Surgeons: A Narrative Review.
Review in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Augmented and virtual reality in dental and oral and maxillofacial surgery education: a systematic review with a taxonomy of training technologies.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Artificial Intelligence in Vascular Surgery: A Literature Review Focusing on Current Applications, Imaging Advances and Future Prospects.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Transforming surgical ward rounds: constructivist pedagogy, structured models, and intelligent technologies.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- On AI's role in training professionals in assisted reproductive technology.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Integration of Artificial Intelligence Into Extended Reality Debriefing in Healthcare Simulation: A Narrative Review.Advances in medical education and practice · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence, extended reality, and emerging AI-XR integrations in medical education.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rapid shift from open to endovascular techniques in vascular surgery has significantly decreased trainee exposure to high-stakes open procedures. Simulation-based training, especially that incorporating virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI), provides a promising way to bridge this skill gap.
objectiveThis narrative review aims to assess the current evidence on the integration of extended reality (XR) and AI into vascular surgeon training, focusing on technical skill development, performance evaluation, and educational results.
methodsWe reviewed the literature on AI- and XR-enhanced surgical education across various specialties, focusing on validated cognitive learning theories, simulation methods, and procedure-specific training. This review covered studies on general, neurosurgical, orthopedic, and vascular procedures, along with recent systematic reviews and consensus statements.
resultsVR-based training speeds up skill learning, reduces procedural mistakes, and enhances both technical and non-technical skills. AI-powered platforms provide real-time feedback, performance benchmarking, and objective skill evaluations. In vascular surgery, high-fidelity simulations have proven effective for training in carotid artery stenting, EVAR, rAAA management, and peripheral interventions. Patient-specific rehearsal, haptic feedback, and mixed-reality tools further improve realism and readiness. However, challenges like cost, data security, algorithmic bias, and the absence of long-term outcome data remain.
conclusionsXR and AI technologies are transforming vascular surgical education by providing scalable, evidence-based alternatives to traditional training methods. Future integration into curricula should focus on ethical use, thorough validation, and alignment with cognitive learning frameworks. A structured approach that combines VR, simulation, cadaver labs, and supervised practice may be the safest and most effective way to train the next generation of vascular surgeons.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.