ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Global burden of chronic kidney disease and risk factors, 1990-2021: an update from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dual Antioxidant Supplementation With N-Acetylcysteine and Taurine (NefrosaveCardiology research · 2026Article
- Alterations of Gene Expression and Signaling Pathway Activity in Venous Smooth Muscle Cells After Uremic Serum Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Major Cardiovascular Complications of Index Kidney Transplantation Hospitalizations: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- [Rehmanniae radix preparata alleviates chronic kidney disease in mice through a multi-target mechanism].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Burden of chronic kidney disease in India: past, present, and future projections to 2040 from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy ameliorates fibrosis and renal function in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease.Anatomy & cell biology · 2026Article
- Mid-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Acute Kidney Injury Incidence: A 10-Year Study in Eastern Poland.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Ramadan and Kidney Disease (RaK) risk assessment tool. Potential risk calculator for evaluating the risk of Ramadan fasting in chronic kidney disease patients.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Chronic kidney disease in India: Incidence, prevalence, mortality, DALYs, and State-level disparities, 1990-2023.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Men Using Lifestyle and Demographic Indicators: A Machine Learning Approach for Primary Healthcare Settings.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association of cumulative cholesterol-HDL-glucose index with blood pressure changes and risk of new-onset hypertension in middle-aged and older adults: a cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Type 5 diabetes mellitus: nutritional-imprinted β-cell insufficiency, diagnostic gaps, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- A narrative review of dietary patterns in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Inflammation, infection, and immune dysregulation in chronic kidney disease: translational and epidemiological perspectives.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- Serum phoenixin-14 levels in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- From immune dysregulation to renal injury: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities in immune-mediated nephropathies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- A Pilot Study of Opportunistic Chronic Kidney Disease Screening in Primary Care Using a Clinical Decision Support System.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Air Pollution, Kidney Injury, and Green Nephrology-Thinking About Its Association and Causation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Value-Based Model for Vascular Access Management in the End-Stage Kidney Disease Population.Seminars in dialysisReview
- Therapeutic Applications of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology in Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland)Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) varies across regions. This study provides comprehensive global, regional, and national estimates of total CKD and CKD due to four specific etiologies from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Data were extracted from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study, categorized by sex, 20 age groups, 204 countries or territories, and 5 sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs), age-standardized death rates (ASDRs), age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDARs) and risk factor burdens for total CKD and four etiology-specific types were analyzed. Temporal trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change. Results: In 2021, CKD remained a significant global burden, with 673 million prevalent cases and 1.5 million deaths, primarily due to metabolic risk factors. The fastest growth in the ASPR and ASIR occurred in the middle-SDI regions, whereas the highest ASDR and ASDAR were observed in low-SDI regions. From 1990 to 2021, global ASIR increased for CKD caused by all four specific etiologies. The ASDR and ASDAR increased for CKD due to type 2 diabetes, glomerulonephritis, and hypertension, whereas there was a decline in CKD due to type 1 diabetes. Discussion: Between 1990 and 2021, CKD-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths increased substantially, with type 2 diabetes and hypertension accounting for half of the etiology-specific DALYs in 2021. Effective health policies are urgently needed to address CKD risk factors and implement prevention strategies.
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