ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2025
Unplanned pregnancy and perinatal depression: secondary exploratory analyses from a racially and ethnically diverse, low-income sample of birthing people in the United States.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe association between unplanned pregnancy and perinatal depression is understudied in racially and ethnically diverse and low-income populations. The present study was compromised of a secondary analysis of data from a low-income and 70% racially and ethnically minoritized sample to examine associations between unplanned pregnancy and perinatal depressive symptoms and to explore potential moderation by social factors.
methodsPregnant individuals (n = 808) were enrolled in a larger study evaluating the effectiveness of a preventative intervention for postpartum depression, and self-reported depressive symptoms were collected prenatally and at 12 weeks postpartum using the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Multiple linear regression examined the relationship between unplanned pregnancy and maternal depressive symptoms, and the potential interactions between unplanned pregnancy and (1) race/ethnicity (2), education level (3), first-time parent status, and (4) a prenatal mental healthcare utilization. Analyses were conducted both within the sample as a whole and within racial/ethnic subgroups.
resultsWhile bivariate regression revealed a significant association between unplanned pregnancy and prenatal depressive symptoms (β = 0.88, 95% CI [0.27, 1.49], p = 0.005), unplanned pregnancy was not significantly associated with prenatal or postpartum depression in adjusted models in the full sample. Analyses suggested different trends in racial/ethnic subgroups. Specifically, endorsing prenatal mental healthcare utilization and unplanned pregnancy was associated with higher prenatal depressive symptoms in the Latine subgroup compared to those whose pregnancies were planned (β = 4.59, 95% CI [0.60, 8.59], p = 0.025). Additionally, unplanned pregnancy was associated with higher depressive symptoms at 12 weeks postpartum compared to those with planned pregnancy also in the Latine sample (β = 1.06; 95% CI [0.10, 2.03], p = 0.031). Unplanned pregnancy was not found to be associated with prenatal depressive symptoms in the adjusted models of any other racial/ethnic subgroups.
conclusionsThese secondary analyses from a larger study suggest potentially important differences in the association between unplanned pregnancy and perinatal depressive symptoms by racial/ethnic subgroups. Future research should acknowledge the myriad stressors and protective factors experienced by low-income and racially and ethnically diverse perinatal populations when evaluating differences in outcomes among racial/ethnic subgroups.
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