ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2025
Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Moderate Intensity Statins Plus Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Versus High Intensity Statins Monotherapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical cardiology · 2026Pooled it
- Oral anticoagulant monotherapy versus oral anticoagulant plus antiplatelet therapy in adults with stable coronary artery disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Three decades of global ischemic heart disease burden: Trends, disparities, and drivers from 1990 to 2021.Medicine · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Bone Marrow Cell Therapies for Cardiac Repair: Integrating Gene Therapy and Bioengineering to Enhance Therapeutic Potency.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- Peripheral immune cell expression of IRAK1, TRAF6, MAPK1 and CXCL8 in coronary artery disease.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Temperature-Defined Heat-Alert-Threshold Days and Acute Myocardial Infarction Admissions and Mortality: A Nationwide Hungarian Registry-Based Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Prognostic impact of epicardial fat volume, anatomical and functional imaging across the cardiovascular risk spectrum in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: a single-center retrospective cohort study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
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- Predictive utility of the baseline Tp-e interval for early arrhythmic events in acute myocardial infarction: A cohort study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Two decades of pulmonary vascular disease and ischemic heart disease mortality in the united states: A longitudinal analysis using CDC WONDER (1999-2020).Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Article
- Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease in Central Asia from 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Habitual Daily Physical Activity as an Independent Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease Extension in Patients with Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Altered p53 Gene Expression in Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Dyslipidemia: Implications for Atherogenesis.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Intravascular Lithotripsy Is Associated With Superior Clinical Outcomes Compared to Atherectomy: A Large-Scale, Propensity-Matched Analysis.Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions · 2026Article
- Global burden of ischemic heart disease from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and predictions to 2030.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- S-nitrosoglutathione preserves vasodilation and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lifestyle Habits and Comorbidities as Determinants of Quality of Life in Coronary Artery Disease: A Single-Center Prospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- From Exposure to Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Insights into Phthalate-Driven Ischemic Heart Disease and Prevention Strategies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIschemic heart disease (IHD) continues to be the foremost contributor to global morbidity and mortality. This analysis aims to report an updated assessment of prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to IHD and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI).
methodsThis analysis used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. IHD was defined as acute myocardial infarction, chronic stable angina, chronic IHD, and heart failure due to IHD. Major indicators used in this study were prevalence, death and DALYs. All estimates were reported as absolute counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 population, along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
resultsGlobally, IHD accounted for 254.3 (95%UI: 221.4 to 295.5) million prevalent cases, 9.0 (95%UI: 8.3 to 9.5) million deaths and 188.4 (95%UI: 177.0 to 198.1) million DALYs in 2021. There was a noticeable decline in the global age-standardized death rate (ASDR) [-31.6% (95%UI: -34.9 to -28.3)] and age-standardized DALYs (ASRDALYs) [-28.8% (95%UI: -32.5 to -25.2)] from 1990 to 2021, with an estimated annual percentage change of -1.3 (95%CI: -1.34 to -1.26) and - 1.2 (95%CI: -1.25 to -1.16), respectively. In 2021, the global prevalence, death, and DALY rates of IHD were higher among males across all age groups, while death and DALY rates reaching a peak in the oldest group for both sexes. Regionally, we found a nonlinear but negative association between age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and SDI. Nationally, similar negative associations were observed between ASRDALYs and SDI. High systolic blood pressure and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were the factors contributing most to the deaths and DALYs due to IHD.
conclusionsDespite declining global age-standardized death and DALYs rates of IHD, sustained multilevel prevention strategies remain essential. This requires population-wide risk factor reduction, targeted interventions for high-risk populations, and strengthened community healthcare networks to ensure accessible, guideline-based management.
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