ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025
Associations between intakes of food groups recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and iron status in subsets of the United States population: a cross-sectional study.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) provide evidence-based dietary recommendations to promote health, reduce chronic disease risk, and meet nutrient intake requirements.
objectivesThis study aimed to determine how food groups recommended in the DGAs relate to dietary iron intake and iron status in subsets of the United States population.
methodsLinear regressions examined associations between Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores, dietary iron, and iron status indicators (body iron, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, serum iron, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, hematocrit) in males (12+ y, n = 2420), females of reproductive age (12-49 y, n = 9757), young children (2-5 y, n = 4058), and toddlers (12-23 mo, n = 1132) from NHANES 2003-2018. Associations with iron status were interpreted as biologically meaningful if significant (P < 0.05) and consistent across ≥3 indicators. Covariate adjustments included age, ethnicity, body mass index, poverty-income ratio, smoking, and supplemental iron. To explore specific foods contributing to associations, the top 3 foods consumed for each HEI component were identified in analysis subsets.
resultsIn all analysis subsets, HEI total scores were positively associated with dietary iron, but not iron status. Similarly, HEI component associations with dietary iron and iron status were often inconsistent and varied by age and sex. In males, total protein foods, total vegetables, greens and beans, saturated fat moderation, and added sugar moderation were positively associated with iron status; total fruits were inversely associated with iron status. In females of reproductive age, total protein foods, added sugar moderation, and refined grain moderation were positively associated with iron status; sodium moderation was inversely associated with iron status. Dairy scores were inversely associated with iron status in young children and toddlers.
conclusionsAdherence to the DGAs supports dietary iron intake but not iron status. Specific food groups were associated with iron status in different analysis subsets, highlighting areas to emphasize to support iron status in certain United States demographics.
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