ArticlePloS one2025
Global burden of disease due to opioid, amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis use disorders, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Drug use among people in prison: A global review of epidemiology, harms and interventions.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Addiction management and rehabilitation programs in Saudi Arabia: a scoping review of current practices and opportunities for healthcare technology integration.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2026Article
- Incidence, prevalence and determinants of substance-induced mental disorders in British Columbia, 2022-2023: a population-based study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Outcomes of Lung Transplantation From Asphyxiation Donors: Reassessing Hypoxic Injury and Implications for Donation After Circulatory Death.Interdisciplinary cardiovascular and thoracic surgery · 2026Article
- Fusing Specialized Surveys of Rare Populations to Larger Surveys for Generalized Inference: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Real-world effectiveness of medication-assisted treatment and psychotherapy for opioid use disorder: a national multi-health care organization analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug use disorders (DUDs) represent a major global health challenge, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality, while also being compounded by social and structural barriers. In this study, we examined global epidemiological trends in DUDs over the past three decades to inform clinical and public health responses. We extracted data on the incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to DUDs from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardized incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASMR), and DALY rates per 100,000 population were calculated. The analysis focused on four DUDs-opioid, amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis use disorders-and further stratified rates by sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), countries, and world regions. In 2021, there were 13.6 (95% UI, 11.6-15.7) million new cases, 137,278 (95% UI, 129,269-146,181) deaths, and 15.6 (95% UI, 12.8-18.1) million DALYs attributed to DUDs. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASIR decreased by 8.1%, while the ASMR and DALY rates rose by 30.8% and 14.8%, respectively. Opioid use disorder accounted for the highest ASIR (169.4 [95% UI, 145.1-195.0] per 100,000), ASMR (1.7 [95% UI, 1.6-1.8] per 100,000), and age-standardized DALY rate (191.0 [95% UI, 156.1-222.8] per 100,000) in 2021. Sex and geographical variations were notable, with males and world regions like high-income North America, Australasia, and Eastern/Western Europe showing disproportionately higher rates. Overall, these findings highlight rising mortality and morbidity rates despite a modest decline in incidence, underscoring the need for tailored public health interventions, advancing harm reduction programs, and expanding access to treatment.
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