Sustainable stress management in crops: unlocking the potential of rhizospheric microbes.

Biotic and abiotic stresses pose significant challenges to global agricultural productivity by adversely affecting soil health, plant vitality, and crop yields. These stresses can lead to economic crises, highlighting the urgent need for cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions to mitigate their negative impacts. Traditionally, agrochemicals such as pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, and herbicides have been extensively and often improperly used to protect plants and enhance crop productivity. However, this over-reliance has harmed ecosystems and human health. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved symbiotic relationships with microbes as a natural defense mechanism. Increasingly, attention is being directed toward rhizospheric microbiomes like Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pantoea sp., Rhizobium sp., Trichoderma sp., Piriformospora sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., etc. for their potential to manage pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and herbivores responsible for biotic stress and abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, and metal toxicity in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Validating these microbial interactions through experimental research is essential to understand their effects on rhizosphere biodiversity, soil heath status, plant growth and crop productivity. This review examines the role of rhizospheric microbes in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses through plant-microbiota symbioses.