Trial reportJournal of virology2025
Inadequate immune response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine among older people living with HIV: a prospective cohort study.
Trial report in Journal of virology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05075070 (Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Characteristics of humoral and T-cell immune responses in people living with HIV after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during December 2022 to January 2023.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Safety and antibody responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among elderly patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Integration Models for Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines Through HIV Services in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The concerns exist regarding the inadequate immune response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in some people living with HIV (PLWH). A prospective cohort study was conducted across four regions of Zhejiang, China. Both PLWH and healthy controls (HCs) received two doses of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Adverse reactions within 7 days after each injection were monitored. PLWH with CD4 counts <500 cells/µL received a third dose. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and IgG were measured to evaluate the immunogenicity of each dose. A total of 400 PLWH were enrolled, with 12.2% aged ≥60 years. Adverse reactions to the first two doses were mild or moderate in PLWH (12.0% and 5.5%). After the second dose, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of NAbs was lower in PLWH (46.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 43.6-50.4) compared to HCs (58.2, 95% CI 53.4-63.5). However, seropositivity rates were similar (97.9% vs 100.0%). Single and multifactor generalized estimating equation analysis revealed that PLWH aged ≥60 years with CD4 count <500 cells/µL exhibited a weaker immune response. After a third dose in this subgroup (aged ≥60 years), the GMT of NAbs was 61.5 (95% CI 47.8-79.2), significantly lower than the 18-59 years group. In conclusion, PLWH showed a weaker and delayed immune response after receiving two doses of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Older age combined with a lower CD4+ T cell count posed significant challenges to achieving an adequate immune response. Strategies to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake and overall immunization in PLWH are needed.IMPORTANCEIn this prospective cohort study, we analyzed the safety and immunogenicity of a two-dose schedule of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Covilo) in people living with HIV (PLWH). We also investigated factors associated with antibody titers and seropositivity rates. Additionally, we evaluated the immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine booster in PLWH with CD4+ T cell counts ≤500 cells/µL within both 18-59 and ≥60 years age groups. We found vaccination with the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine was well-tolerated in PLWH but induced a weaker and delayed immune response compared with healthy controls. Importantly, the older PLWH with low CD4+ T cell counts face considerable challenges in mounting an adequate immune response to vaccines, even after booster immunization. Our findings highlight the need for strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH with low immune responses, particularly among older individuals and those with low CD4+ T cell counts.CLINICAL TRIALSThis study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05075070.
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