ArticleBladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in BCG-treated NMIBC.
Article in Bladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Impact of Photodynamic Diagnosis on Immune Cell Infiltration in BCG-treated Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.European urology open science · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The recommended treatment for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Despite completing BCG therapy, up to 40% of patients experience disease recurrence within five years. T cell exhaustion has been associated with poor outcome following treatment with BCG. Objective: In this study, we investigated whether T cell exhaustion, characterized by tumor protein expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in paired samples obtained before and after BCG treatment could provide further insight into BCG response and help predict outcome in patients with NMIBC. Methods: Tumor samples from 104 patients with NMIBC were collected before and after BCG. Sections from tissue microarrays were stained using immunohistochemistry to analyze the protein expression of PD-1 and PD-L1. Data was analyzed using digital pathology software. Results: High PD-1 expression was associated with higher tumor stage and grade pre-BCG ( Conclusion: Protein expression of the exhaustion markers PD-1 and PD-L1 in pre-BCG tumor samples were correlated to higher stage and grade as well as worse HG-RFS, indicating that T cell exhaustion may play an important role in resistance to BCG treatment.
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