ArticlePNAS nexus2025
Human nerve growth factor delivery to the retina: Quantitative methodology and mathematical modeling in preclinical settings.
Article in PNAS nexus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Tracer Techniques in Ophthalmology: Ocular Applications and Systemic Connections.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a critical neuroprotective role in retinal health, supporting neuronal survival and regeneration. Recombinant human NGF (rhNGF) holds promise for treating retinal degenerative diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and optic neuropathies. However, efficient retinal delivery of rhNGF remains a major challenge due to anatomical barriers and rapid clearance from conventional routes. Here, we integrate in vivo experimentation with mathematical modeling to identify and validate optimized delivery strategies for rhNGF. By using stable isotope-labeled rhNGF, we quantified ocular biodistribution in rats and rabbits following topical eye drops, intravitreal (IVT) injections, and sustained-release formulations. Eye drop administration resulted in negligible retinal exposure (<0.04% of instilled dose), while IVT injection achieved ∼34% vitreous retention with sustained delivery to the retina and optic nerve over 60 days. A mechanistic compartmental model was developed and validated against the in vivo data to simulate route-specific drug transport and estimate delivery losses via a penalty factor (
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Registered trials
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