ArticleAdvanced functional materials2025
Bioorthogonal Engineering of Cellular Microenvironments Using Isonitrile Ligations.
Article in Advanced functional materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stress relaxation timescale and hydrogel network connectivity regulate neural progenitor cell stemness and differentiation.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2026Article
- Click Chemistry-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hydrogels are routinely used as scaffolds to mimic the extracellular matrix for tissue engineering. However, common strategies to covalently crosslink hydrogels employ reaction conditions with potential off-target biological reactivity. The limited number of suitable bioorthogonal chemistries for hydrogel crosslinking restricts how many material properties can be independently addressed to control cell fate. To expand the bioorthogonal toolkit available for hydrogel crosslinking, we identify isonitrile ligations as a promising class of reactions. Isonitriles are compact, stable, selective, and biocompatible moieties that react with chlorooxime (ChO), tetrazine (Tz), and azomethine imine (AMI) functional groups under physiological conditions. We demonstrate that all three ligation reactions can form hydrogels, with isonitrile-ChO ligation exhibiting optimal gelation properties. Synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels crosslinked by isonitrile-ChO ligation exhibit rapid gelation kinetics, elastic mechanical properties, stability under physiological conditions, and high biocompatibility. By combining ChO-functionalized multi-arm PEGs with isonitrile-functionalized engineered elastin-like proteins (ELPs), we demonstrate simultaneous control over network connectivity and adhesive ligand presentation, which in turn regulate cell spreading. These hydrogels enable the long-term culture of numerous human cell types relevant to regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we demonstrate that isonitrile-ChO ligation is orthogonal to common azide-alkyne cycloaddition, enabling independent, bioorthogonal functionalization of hydrogels containing live cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.