ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2025
Poly-ether-ether-ketone wear particles induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in a human monocytic cell line.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess potential pro-inflammatory responses induced in a human monocyte cell line by poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) particles. Investigations also focussed on the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in immune responses to PEEK. Methods: PEEK particles were generated using a four-station multi-directional pin-on-plate wear simulator and used to treat THP-1 macrophages for 24 h at dosages of 0.5-50 μm Results: PEEK particles were not immediately cytotoxic to THP-1 macrophages and induced a significant increase in gene expression and protein secretion of IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 at the highest dose (p < 0.0001). This increase in pro-inflammatory genes and proteins was not inhibited following blockade of TLR4. ROS production was significantly upregulated in the PEEK-treated cells and IL-1β secretion was also significantly increased following the addition of ATP to PEEK-exposed THP-1 cells. Conclusion: PEEK particles are capable of inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype in a human macrophage cell line which is not a result of TLR4 activation. PEEK particles do act in a PAMP-like manner and are able to induce ROS production as well as initiate inflammasome activation.
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