Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40835343›Full record

ArticleHarmful algae2025

Paralytic shellfish toxins and seabirds: evaluating sublethal effects, behavioral responses, and ecological implications of saxitoxin ingestion by common murres (Uria aalge).

Matthew M Smith, Robert J Dusek, Tuula Hollmen, Sarah K Schoen, Caroline Van Hemert, Kristen Steinmetzer, Aidan Lee, Jenna Schlener, Vijay Patil, D Ransom Hardison and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Harmful algae, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Matthew M SmithU.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States.
Robert J DusekU.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, United States. Electronic address: rdusek@usgs.gov.
Tuula HollmenAlaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK 99664, United States; College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Seward, AK, 99664, United States.
Sarah K SchoenU.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States.
Caroline Van HemertU.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States.
Kristen SteinmetzerAlaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK 99664, United States.
Aidan LeeAlaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK 99664, United States.
Jenna SchlenerAlaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK 99664, United States.
Vijay PatilU.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States.
D Ransom HardisonNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, United States.
David KulisWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Mail Stop #32, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
Donald M AndersonWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Mail Stop #32, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
Clark D RidgeU.S. Food and Drug Administration, Human Foods Program, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States.
Sherwood HallU.S. Food and Drug Administration, Human Foods Program, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States.

Funding

Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthP01ES028938 · NIEHS · WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION · PI DENNIS J MCGILLICUDDY · 2018 to 2026
$5.7M
Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthP50ES012742 · NIEHS · WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION · PI STEGEMAN, JOHN J · 2004 to 2009
$2.8M
WHCOHH: Harmful algal bloom dynamics and epigenetic mechanism of toxin actionP01ES021923 · NIEHS · WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION · PI ANDERSON, DONALD M · 2012 to 2016
$2.1M
NIEHS NIH HHS P01 ES021923NIEHS NIH HHS P01 ES028938NIEHS NIH HHS P50 ES012742
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), including saxitoxin (STX) and its congeners, are neurotoxins that can be produced during harmful algal blooms and cause illness or death in humans, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Since 2014, multiple large-scale seabird mortality events have occurred in Alaska waters, with STXs detected in some carcasses. To investigate the sublethal behavioral and ecological effects of STX on seabirds, we conducted captive dosing trials with common murres (Uria aalge). We gavaged purified STX (dehydrated STX dihydrocholoride, STX-diHCl) or an Alexandrium catenella culture extract into murres, monitored behavioral responses and recovery times, and assessed tissue concentrations in individuals that died or were euthanized. Using a modified up-and-down dose-finding scheme, we estimated a median effective dose (ED

Indexed as

Behavior, AnimalCharadriiformesSaxitoxinAlaskaAnimalsDinoflagellidaHarmful Algal BloomMarine ToxinsShellfish PoisoningMarine ToxinsSaxitoxinChronicEffective doseHarmful algal bloomParalytic shellfish toxinSaxitoxin, Common murre

Identifiers

PMID40835343
PMCPMC12373010

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.