Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40830846›Full record

ArticleBMC pediatrics2025

Routine immunization coverage among children under 24 months and its determinants in Eastern and Oti regions of Ghana.

Chris Guure, Yakubu Alhassan, Samuel Dery, Jessica Asante, Emmanuel T Sally, Ernest Tei Maya, Frances Baaba da-Costa Vroom, Seth K Afagbedzi, Cornelius Tenku, Carla Lewis and 1 more

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Article in BMC pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Chris GuureDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. cbguure@ug.edu.gh.
Yakubu AlhassanDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Samuel DeryDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Jessica AsanteDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Emmanuel T SallyGhana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.
Ernest Tei MayaDepartment of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. emaya@ug.edu.gh.
Frances Baaba da-Costa VroomDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Seth K AfagbedziDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Cornelius TenkuSimprints Technology, Street Address 41 Eden Street, Cambridge, CB1 1EL, UK.
Carla LewisSimprints Technology, Street Address 41 Eden Street, Cambridge, CB1 1EL, UK.
Natia UbilavaSimprints Technology, Street Address 41 Eden Street, Cambridge, CB1 1EL, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectiveImmunization is a cornerstone of public health, significantly reducing child mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite global progress, millions of children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), still lack access to lifesaving vaccines. In Ghana, disparities in vaccination coverage persist, with sub-national inequities affecting the achievement of universal immunization. This study aimed to evaluate routine immunization coverage among children under two years of age in Ghana's Eastern and Oti regions, focusing on identifying gaps and informing targeted interventions to improve immunization outcomes.

methodA cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage stratified sampling approach. Data were collected from 1,114 eligible children aged 24-35 months across 73 enumeration areas in 11 districts. Vaccination information was obtained from vaccination cards or caregiver recall. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze vaccination coverage and identify factors associated with full immunization. Data were weighted to account for the multistage sampling design.

resultsFull vaccination coverage for all antigens (excluding hepatitis B) was 18.7% (95% CI: 16.5%-21.1%), with higher rates in rural 19.7% (95% CI: 16.8%-23.1%) than urban areas 17.4% (95% CI: 14.3%-21.0%). Coverage for basic antigens was 78.8% (95% CI: 76.3%-81.1%), with rural areas 82.4% (95% CI: 79.2%-85.3%) outperforming urban areas 74.4% (95% CI: 70.4%-78.0%). The Oti region had higher coverage for basic antigens 85.3% (95% CI: 81.3%-88.5%) and the national schedule 62.1% (95% CI: 52.2%-62.4%) compared to the Eastern region. In the Eastern region, older children were more likely to be fully vaccinated (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12, p = 0.021), while in the Oti region, age (aOR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89-1.04) was not a significant factor.

conclusionThe study highlights significant disparities in vaccination coverage between urban and rural areas and across regions. Targeted interventions are needed to address gaps in coverage, particularly in urban areas where full vaccination rates remain lower. Strengthening health systems, leveraging technology, and improving community engagement are critical steps toward achieving equitable and high vaccination coverage for all children in Ghana.

Indexed as

Vaccination CoverageChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGhanaHumansImmunization ProgramsInfantMaleRural PopulationChildren under twoDeterminants of immunizationGhanaRoutine immunizationVaccination coverage

Identifiers

PMID40830846
PMCPMC12366169

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.