ArticleCurrent environmental health reports2025
Metrics of Urbanicity and Rurality in US-Based Epidemiologic Studies of Ambient Temperature and Health: A Scoping Review.
Article in Current environmental health reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Tropical cyclone exposure and risk of adverse birth outcomes in urban and rural areas of Georgia.Environmental research communications · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe impacts of environmental health risk factors, including temperature, vary across urban and rural areas. Application of different metrics of rurality and urbanicity can yield different risk characterizations. We aimed to identify, describe, and quantify how urban/rural metrics are used in epidemiologic studies of ambient temperature and health across the United States (US).
methodsUsing PubMed and Scopus, we identified epidemiologic studies published between January 2010 and March 2025 that examined ambient temperature and health in the US and included a defined, quantitative metric of urbanicity/rurality. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were evaluated by two independent reviewers. Data from included studies were extracted using a predetermined tool.
resultsOf the 11,013 studies resulting from our search, 36 were included. We identified 23 metrics drawing from 10 data sources. The most frequently used metrics were population density and size from the US Census (n = 11 studies). Other metrics reflected connectivity and proximity to surrounding areas, such as the US Census’s Urban-Rural Classification (n = 7 studies), and the US Department of Agriculture’s Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes (n = 4 studies) and Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (n = 2 studies). Additional metrics captured features related to the natural environment, built environment, and employment. Many studies did not provide a rationale for metric selection. DISCUSSION: Urbanicity and rurality metrics have moved beyond population size and density to include other features. Providing rationales for choice of metric or the differential vulnerability or adaptive capacity captured by the metric could bolster understanding of urban-rural differences in the impact of temperature on health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.