ArticleBMC public health2025
Association between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru: analysis of a national survey (ENDES) 2023.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnemia is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects women of reproductive age. While tobacco use may influence hemoglobin levels through physiological mechanisms, its association with anemia remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru using nationally representative data.
methodsCross-sectional study based on secondary data from a national survey (ENDES 2023). Women aged 18 to 49 years with complete information on the variables of interest were included. The independent variable was smoking, and the dependent variable was the anemia status. To evaluate the association between variables, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR).
resultsA total of 13 036 women with a mean age of 33.0 years were analyzed. No significant association was found between cigarette smoking in the last 12 months (aPR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.24), smoking in the last 30 days (aPR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.22), or daily smoking (aPR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.14) and the prevalence of anemia. On the other hand, a higher prevalence of anemia was observed in women aged 30 to 49 years. While the factors associated with a lower prevalence of anemia were black ethnicity, overweight, obesity, and living in small cities.
conclusionNo significant association was found between smoking and the presence of anemia in Peruvian adult women. However, factors such as age, nutritional status and ethnicity were associated with the prevalence of anemia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.