ReviewMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England)2025
Overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in pediatric CNS tumors: immunotherapy and nanomedicine-driven strategies.
Review in Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Actions of Midostaurin as Cation Channel and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Cell Lines.Cancers · 2026Article
- Advances in immunotherapy for thyroid malignancies: from molecular targets to clinical outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Glioma tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy: past, present, and future.Biomarker research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors rank second among the fatal childhood malignancies, primarily due to the significant challenge posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the therapeutic delivery and contributes to poor clinical outcomes. This challenge is exacerbated by the distinct developmental traits of pediatric BBB, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and the inherent diversity of different tumor types such as medulloblastoma and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Recent advances at the crossroad of immunotherapy and nanomedicine are paving the way for transformative strategies to penetrate the BBB and modify the immunogenic landscape within pediatric CNS tumors. Various nanoparticle-based approaches such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles to exosomes have been engineered with surface ligands like transferrin and lactoferrin to improve the BBB targeting in pediatric CNS tumors. Moreover, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, such as pH- and enzyme-sensitive paradigms, are being implemented to enhance controlled drug release in the acidic and protease-rich TME. Additional, synergistic therapies that combine chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, and cancer vaccines are being adapted for pediatric patients, with enhanced drug delivery aided by nanocarrier formulations have led to significant tumor regression and prolonged survival in animal models. Additionally, tailored treatments utilizing genetic and pharmacokinetic biomarkers, along with innovative BBB-on-chip platforms, enable precise targeting and real-time monitoring of drug permeability across the barrier. In this review, we have emphasized that how a deeper understanding of pediatric BBB biology, targeted modulation of the barrier, and innovative nanotechnology-immunotherapy combinations is providing newer treatment modalities and less toxic therapies for children with CNS tumors.
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Registered trials
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