Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40827018›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of industrial medicine2025

Employment Status, Work Limitations, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Sickness Absenteeism Among US Adults With and Without Long COVID.

Nicole D Ford, Alexandra F Dalton, Deja Edwards, Hope King, Sara E Luckhaupt, Kevin C Ma, Douglas Slaughter, Sharon R Silver, Sharon Saydah

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of industrial medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Nicole D FordCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6463-5094
Alexandra F DaltonCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Deja EdwardsCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7717-0102
Hope KingCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Sara E LuckhauptDivision of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Kevin C MaCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Douglas SlaughterCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Sharon R SilverDivision of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Sharon SaydahCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999The authors received no specific funding for this work.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionLong COVID may limit people's ability to carry out daily activities, including work. Little is known about the potential effect of long COVID on work limitations and absenteeism. We describe employment status and characteristics, work limitations, cognitive dysfunction, and sickness absenteeism among adults with and without long COVID.

methodsUsing data from the cross-sectional 2022 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated the prevalence (95% confidence intervals [CI]) of work-related outcomes by long COVID status among US adults ≥ 18 years (n = 26,270). Among employed adults with prior COVID-19 illness, we estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios for work limitations (compared to no limitations), cognitive dysfunction (some or a lot of difficulty with memory or concentration compared to no difficulty), and sickness absenteeism ( ≥ 11 sick days compared to 0-10 days) in the prior year. All estimates account for survey design and are weighted to the US noninstitutionalized population. Analyses were conducted in 2024.

results3.4% of adults reported long COVID. Adults with long COVID more often reported being unable to work due to health or disability compared to adults without long COVID (p = 0.0006). Among employed adults with prior COVID-19 illness, long COVID was associated with higher odds of work limitations (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5), cognitive dysfunction (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5), and sickness absenteeism (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.5) compared to those who did not develop long COVID.

conclusionsLong COVID was associated with work limitations, cognitive dysfunction, and sickness absenteeism among employed US adults. Workplace accommodations may be important considerations for people with long COVID.

Indexed as

AbsenteeismCognitive DysfunctionCOVID-19EmploymentSick LeaveAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth SurveysHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceSARS-CoV-2absenteeismcognitive dysfunctionCOVID‐19employmentlong COVID

Identifiers

PMID40827018
PMCPMC13575892

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.