ArticleBMC ophthalmology2025
Orthokeratology for myopia control: a three-year longitudinal study on axial length modulation influenced by baseline age and spherical equivalent.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Combined Small Treatment Zone Orthokeratology and Alternate-Day 0.01% Atropine for Axial Elongation Control in Rapidly Progressing Myopic Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Trial
- Long-term outcomes of orthokeratology in eyes with myopic regression after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK): a retrospective clinical study of 12 eyes.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Real-Life Orthokeratology for Myopia Control in Hungarian Children: A Five-Year Study of Axial Length Changes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Establishing a prediction model for the therapeutic outcomes of short-term and long-term orthokeratology treatment: using baseline data and changes in AL as dynamic variables.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Establishing and validating a predictive model for long-term control outcomes following orthokeratology lenses wear: a five-year cohort study.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Long-term observation of the endothelium morphology and corneal thickness in myopic adolescents treated with orthokeratology: a 10-year retrospective study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Choroidal thickness and peripapillary RNFL in relation to axial length and progression in myopic children.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Axial length changes and baseline predictors over five years in children treated with orthokeratology lenses: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Association between first-year axial elongation and 10-year myopia progression in children wearing orthokeratology lenses: a ten-year longitudinal study.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Quantitative color fundus photography parameters as potential biomarkers of axial length progression: evidence from a machine learning cohort study.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- The Influence of Age on the Myopic Control Efficiency of Dual-Focus Contact Lens: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Cureus · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMyopia, particularly high myopia (spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -6.00D), poses significant risks of irreversible vision loss due to ocular complications. Orthokeratology (Ortho-k), a corneal reshaping intervention, has demonstrated efficacy in slowing axial length (AL) elongation. However, the influence of baseline age and SE on long-term AL modulation remains inadequately explored, with limited evidence on AL shortening during treatment.
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of baseline age and SE on AL control efficacy during ortho-k treatment, assess the long-term effects of AL shortening, and identify potential mechanisms underlying these observations.
methodsA retrospective cohort study analyzed 1,303 children (7-16 years old) undergoing ortho-k treatment during 2020-2025. Participants were stratified into four groups by baseline age (11 years) and SE (-3.00D): LH (low age/high SE), LL (low age/low SE), HL (high age/low SE), and HH (high age/high SE). AL measurements were calibrated for physiological growth, with regression defined as ≥ 0.05 mm shortening. Statistical analysis compared AL progression and regression rates across groups over a three-year period.
resultsThe HH group exhibited superior AL control, with rates of 85.95% excellent response in the first year, significantly lower than all other groups (p < 0.01). AL shortening occurred most prominently in HH (23.90% for 2 years; mean: -0.16 ± 0.10 mm) and persisted through Year 3. In contrast, the LL group showed minimal AL regression (1.89% for 3 years; mean: -0.17 ± 0.09 mm) with rates of 13.21% excellent response. The HL and LH groups, both in AL control excellence rate and in AL regression performance, were intermediate between the HH and LL groups.
conclusionOrtho-k effectiveness in AL control is critically dependent on baseline age and SE. Children with older age (≥ 11 years) and higher baseline myopia (SE ≤ -3.00D) experienced optimal AL suppression and regression, likely due to enhanced corneal remodeling and defocus effects. Younger children (≤ 11 years) with lower SE may require adjunct therapies for significant AL control.
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