ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2026
Immunogenicity and Safety of the COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccine Coadministered With Influenza and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Adverse Reactions and Vaccination Preferences Following COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCoadministering vaccines can effectively enhance vaccination uptake in adults. Despite the potential benefits, there is limited data supporting this practice. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of coadministering coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA, influenza, and pneumococcal (PPSV23) vaccines in adults.
methodsAs part of the national vaccination program, 3104 adults received a fourth dose (second booster) of an messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine alone or coadministered with an influenza vaccine, with or without PPSV23 from January to December 2022. We measured severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and neutralization activity before and 1 month after vaccination. We estimated the odds of a ≥2-fold geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) and adverse events (AEs) using logistic regression models.
resultsThe median age of the 3104 participants was 70 years (interquartile range: 60-77); 1670 (54%) were female. Anti-spike IgG GMFRs were 1.95, 1.56, and 1.42, whereas for neutralization activity, values were 8.99, 12.42, and 8.23, in the COVID-19, COVID-19 + influenza, and COVID-19 + influenza + PPSV23 groups, respectively. The adjusted odds of a ≥2-fold anti-spike IgG GMFR were 0.64 (P < .001) and 0.43 (P < .001), and for neutralization activity, 0.96 (P = .833) and 0.97 (P = .954), for COVID-19 + influenza and COVID-19 + influenza + PPSV23, respectively. The odds for anti-RBD GMFRs followed similar patterns. Systemic AEs were more common in the COVID-19 + influenza + PPSV23 group (adjusted odds ratio: 2.04, P < .001), though no serious AEs were reported.
conclusionsCoadministering COVID-19, influenza, and PPSV23 vaccines seems feasible, without significantly impairing neutralizing antibody responses. These findings support the recommendation for vaccine coadministration in adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.