Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40825815›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Monitoring and investigation to control the brain network disease under immunotherapy by using fractional operator.

Muhammad Farman, Ammara Talib, Khadija Jamil, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Aceng Sambas, Mustafa Bayram, Mohamed Hafez

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Muhammad FarmanFaculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Near East University, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
Ammara TalibDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
Khadija JamilInstitute of Mathematics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
Kottakkaran Sooppy NisarDepartment of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. n.sooppy@psau.edu.sa.
Aceng SambasFaculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 22200, Campus Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Mustafa BayramDepartment of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Topkapi, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mohamed HafezFaculty of Engineering and Quantity Surviving, INTI International University Colleges, Nilai, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the well-known neurodegenerative diseases. The main reason is the death of dopaminergic neurons that release dopamine in the brain region known as the Substantia Nigra pars Compacta (SNc). In this study, we developed a mathematical model of Parkinson's disease incorporating a fractal-fractional operator with the Mittag-Leffler kernel to capture the complex, memory-dependent dynamics of the disease. We conduct a qualitative analysis to explore the existence and uniqueness of solutions and examine both disease-free and endemic equilibrium states. Stability conditions are explored using fixed-point theory and Lyapunov functions, while the dynamics are further analyzed through sensitivity analysis to identify the parameters most influential to the basic reproduction number. Additionally, chaos control is investigated using PID feedback strategies, and a Newton polynomial-based numerical method is implemented to simulate the system's behavior. This approach enhances our understanding of Parkinson's disease progression and offers a foundation for developing personalized therapeutic strategies.

Indexed as

BrainImmunotherapyParkinson DiseaseDopaminergic NeuronsHumansModels, NeurologicalModels, TheoreticalBrian diseaseComputational algorithmHealth careLyapunov functionMental healthPID dynamical control

Identifiers

PMID40825815
PMCPMC12361445

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.